;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;; ;;;; TEST cca 500 simulací ;;;;; ;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;; ; 1) nastavit tlačítku | Go | funkci viz níže ; 2) upravit 'reset-all-settings' na požadované vstupní parametry ;repeat 10000 [ ;go ;if status = 1 or status = 2 [ ;reset-all-settings ;setup] ;] breed [timbers timber] breed [targets target] timbers-own [age n-trees] targets-own [attacked-neighb] patches-own [time-growth] globals [ healthy-trees attacked-trees young-trees seeds status timber-cut-dist timber-dist blue-timbers flying-range max-trees KO OK export ; exportovaná skládka export-revenues ; příjmy z prodeje dřeva sum-ex-timbers ; celkový počet exportovaných skládek pxArea pyArea ; identifikování nejvíce napadené oblasti pro vhodné umístění skládky safety-costs ; náklady na pořízení ochranných sítí - sledovaný ukazatel ] ; ------- COLORS ---------------- ; healthy trees | GREEN, YELLOW ; attacked trees | RED ; young trees | YELLOW ; dead trees | WHITE ; timber | BROWN + 1 ; attacked timber | RED ; safe timber | BLUE ; background | GREEN - 4 ;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;; ;; INITIAL SETTINGS ;; ;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;; to setup-forest ask patches [set pcolor green - 4] ask patches with [(random-float 100) < density] [ set pcolor green ] ask n-of attack-start patches with [pcolor = green] [ ; vstupní počet ohnisek kůrovce set pcolor red ] end ;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;; ;; SET UP ;; ;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;; to setup clear-all set-default-shape timbers "box" set timber-cut-dist 4 ; okruh zkácení stromů pro vytvoření skládky set timber-dist 15 ; dosažitelnost skládky - preference přesunu kůrovce, "vyhasnutí" šíření set flying-range 40 ; 50% broků létá do vzdálenosti '40 m' set seeds 30 ; nahrazení % mrtvých stromů malými samovolně rostoucími semenáčky setup-forest set OK " ---> Les je ZACHRÁNĚN <--- " set KO " ---> Les se NEPODAŘILO ZACHRÁNIT <--- " reset-ticks end to reset-all-settings set status 0 ; fix set attack-start 10 set new-timbers 2 set ex-timbers 2 set density 15 set percent-of-safe-timbers 50 set blue-price 5500 set tree-volume 2.5 set m3-price 5500 set m3-price-attacked 1200 set new-age 4 set old-one 17 end ;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;; ;; GOOOOO ;; ;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;; to go if count patches with [pcolor = red] = 0 [ set status 2 out stop ] if count patches with [pcolor = green] <= 10 [ set status 1 out stop ] set-targets add-timbers beetles-spread seed-trees timber-aging if count patches with [pcolor = green] <= 10 [ set status 1 out stop ] young-trees-aging trees-count tick end ;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;; ;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;; to out write ticks write sum-ex-timbers write blue-timbers write safety-costs write export-revenues if status = 1 [ write "K.O." print KO print "" ] if status = 2 [ write "OK" print OK print "" ] end to set-targets create-targets count patches with [pcolor = red and count targets-here = 0] ask targets [ set size 2 set hidden? true ] ask targets [ ask patches with [pcolor = red] [ if count turtles-here = 0 [ let x pxcor let y pycor ask myself [ setxy x y ] ] ] ] ask patches with [pcolor = red] [ ask targets [ if distance myself < timber-cut-dist [ ask myself [set pcolor cyan] set attacked-neighb count patches with [pcolor = cyan] ; zjištění počtu napadených stromů ] ] ] ask patches with [pcolor = cyan] [ ; odstranění barevného odlišení napadených stromů pro nastavení počtu napadených sousedních stromů set pcolor red ] end to find-attacked-area ; pro zjištění nejvíce napadené oblasti, zde se umístí skládka if any? targets [ ask one-of targets with-max [attacked-neighb] [ ;show attacked-neighb set pxArea pxcor set pyArea pycor if count timbers-here > 0 [ set pxArea random-pxcor set pyArea random-pycor ] ask targets with [xcor = 0 and ycor = 0] [ die ] ] ] end to add-timbers create-timbers new-timbers [ set age 0 ] let safe-timbers (new-timbers * percent-of-safe-timbers / 100) ask timbers with [ age = 0 ] [ find-attacked-area setxy pxArea pyArea ; souřadnice nejvíce napadené oblasti set color brown + 1 set size 4 ask targets-here [die] ] ask n-of safe-timbers timbers with [ age = 0 ] [ ; nastavitelný počet chráněných skládek set color blue set blue-timbers blue-timbers + safe-timbers set safety-costs (blue-timbers * blue-price) ; náklady na ochranné sítě = počet modrých skládek x cena sítě ] ask patches with [pcolor = green or pcolor = red or pcolor = white] [ ask timbers with [ age = 0 ] [ ; skládka = vytěžení okruhu stromů if distance myself < timber-cut-dist [ ask myself [set pcolor violet] set n-trees count patches with [pcolor = violet] ; zjištění počtu zťatých stromů na skládce ] ] ] ask patches with [pcolor = violet] [ ; "odstranění" zťatých stromů set pcolor green - 4 ] end to beetles-spread ask patches with [ pcolor = red ] [ if (random-float 100) < 3 [ ; pravděpodobnost vymizení kůrovce, strom se ubránil (uhynutí kůrovce díky zvýšení produkce pryskyřice) set pcolor green ; strom přežil napadení ] ] ask patches with [ pcolor = red ] [ ask timbers [ if count patches with [pcolor = green] != 0 [ ; if distance myself < flying-range [ ; ask n-of ((10 - random 7)/ 2) patches with [ pcolor = green ] [set pcolor red] ; 50% brouků - šíření náhodně na dalších 2-5 stromů v okruhu 40 m ; ] ; ; ask n-of ((10 - random 7)/ 2) patches with [ pcolor = green ] [set pcolor red] ; šíření náhodně na dalších 2-5 stromů if (distance myself < flying-range) [ ask n-of (random 2) patches with [ pcolor = green ] [ set pcolor red ] ; --- méně než původně --- ! původní nastavení viz výše ] ask n-of (random 1) patches with [ pcolor = green ] [ set pcolor red ] ; --- méně než původně --- ! původní nastavení viz výše ] ] ] beetles-near-timbers timber-export end to beetles-near-timbers ask patches with [ pcolor = red ][ ask timbers [ if (distance myself < timber-dist) [ ask myself [set pcolor white] ; odumřelé stromy po napadení, přesun další generace kůrovce na skládku if color != blue [ ; chráněné skládky nemohou být napadeny set color red ; skládka napadená kůrovcem ] ] ] ] end to timber-export if ticks >= 1 [ ; exportuje se až od 2. "kola" repeat ex-timbers [ ; export zopakovat tolikrát, kolik se má exportovat skládek ifelse count timbers with [ color = brown + 1 ] > 0 [ set export one-of timbers with [ color = brown + 1 ] ask export [ set size 1 set export-revenues export-revenues + (m3-price * n-trees * tree-volume) ; CENA/m3 x počet stomů na skládce x průměrný objem stromu (m3) ] ] [ ifelse count timbers with [ color = blue ] > 0 [ ; přehození sítě na jakou skládku => ne, životnost půl roku set export one-of timbers with [ color = blue ] ask export [ set size 1 set export-revenues export-revenues + (m3-price * n-trees * tree-volume) ; stejně jako zdravé dřevo, do jedné podmínky? ] ] [ ifelse count timbers with [ color = red ] > 0 [ set export one-of timbers with [ color = red ] ask export [ set size 1 set export-revenues export-revenues + (m3-price-attacked * n-trees * tree-volume) ; jako lapače, proto nejdéle, prodej s nižší cenou na palivo ] ] [ ] ] ] set sum-ex-timbers (sum-ex-timbers + 1) plant-trees ] ] end to plant-trees if ticks >= 1 [ ask patches with [pcolor = green - 4] [ ask export [ if distance myself < timber-cut-dist [ ask myself [ set pcolor pink] ; označení oblasti pro vysazení mladých stromků set young-trees n-trees set max-trees count patches with [pcolor = pink] ; vysazované mladých stromků, počet = počtu stromů na exportované skládce ] ] ] ifelse (young-trees > max-trees) [ ask n-of max-trees patches with [pcolor = pink] [ set pcolor yellow set time-growth new-age ] ] [ ask n-of young-trees patches with [pcolor = pink] [ ; zalesnění oblasti skládky = vytěženým stromům set pcolor yellow set time-growth new-age ] ] ask patches with [pcolor = pink] [ set pcolor green - 4 ] ask export [die] ] end to seed-trees ask patches with [pcolor = white and (random-float 100) < seeds] [ ; nahrazení x% mrtvých stromů malými samovolně rostoucími semenáčky (young trees) set pcolor yellow set time-growth 0 ] end to timber-aging ask timbers [ set age (age + 1) ] end to young-trees-aging ask patches with [pcolor = yellow] [ set time-growth (time-growth + 1) ;show time-growth ] ask patches with [pcolor = yellow and time-growth = old-one] [ ; strom dosáhl dospělosti 'old-one' = věk, kdy se mění na dospělý strom set pcolor green ] end to trees-count set healthy-trees (count patches with [pcolor = green or pcolor = yellow] ) ; počet stromů kromě těch napadených a mrtvých, ze kterých se už kůrovec nešíří set attacked-trees (count patches with [pcolor = red] ) ; počet napadených stromů end ; © 2016 Agata Janeczková @#$#@#$#@ GRAPHICS-WINDOW 333 11 809 508 50 50 4.614 1 10 1 1 1 0 0 0 1 -50 50 -50 50 0 0 1 ticks 30.0 MONITOR 827 180 948 225 % of attacked trees attacked-trees / (healthy-trees + attacked-trees + (count patches with [pcolor = white])) 2 1 11 SLIDER 13 210 195 243 density density 0.0 99.0 15 1.0 1 % HORIZONTAL BUTTON 178 11 274 59 Go go NIL 1 T OBSERVER NIL G NIL NIL 1 BUTTON 40 11 137 57 Setup setup NIL 1 T OBSERVER NIL S NIL NIL 1 INPUTBOX 116 105 207 165 new-timbers 2 1 0 Number PLOT 827 10 1213 168 TREES VIEW years pcs 0.0 10.0 0.0 10.0 true true "" "" PENS " HEALTHY ^|^ " 1.0 0 -10899396 true "" "plot healthy-trees" " ATTACKED ^|^ " 1.0 0 -2674135 true "" "plot attacked-trees" " YOUNG ^|^" 1.0 0 -1184463 true "" "plot count patches with [pcolor = yellow]" " DEAD ^|^" 1.0 0 -16777216 true "" "plot count patches with [pcolor = WHITE]" SLIDER 12 252 195 285 percent-of-safe-timbers percent-of-safe-timbers 0 100 50 1 1 % HORIZONTAL MONITOR 960 296 1081 341 COSTS (safety) safety-costs 0 1 11 MONITOR 959 179 1080 224 Attacked trees attacked-trees 17 1 11 INPUTBOX 13 106 105 166 attack-start 10 1 0 Number MONITOR 1091 179 1211 224 All trees healthy-trees + attacked-trees\n+ (count patches with [pcolor = white]) 17 1 11 TEXTBOX 9 76 247 95 Nastavení vstupních parametrů: 16 52.0 1 TEXTBOX 9 57 316 85 ___________________________________________________ 11 0.0 1 TEXTBOX 23 170 111 198 | Počet ohnisek\n kůrovce | 11 0.0 1 TEXTBOX 112 170 218 198 | Počet přidávaných\n skládek | 11 0.0 1 TEXTBOX 212 218 294 236 | Hustota lesa | 11 0.0 1 TEXTBOX 44 293 178 313 | % chráněných skládek | 11 0.0 1 INPUTBOX 212 244 307 304 blue-price 5500 1 0 Number TEXTBOX 208 311 317 329 | Cena ochranné sítě | 11 0.0 1 PLOT 828 350 1214 508 REVENUES X COSTS years Kč 0.0 10.0 0.0 10.0 true true "" "" PENS " REVENUES " 1.0 0 -10899396 true "" "plot export-revenues" " COSTS" 1.0 0 -2674135 true "" "plot safety-costs" INPUTBOX 101 346 199 406 m3-price 5500 1 0 Number TEXTBOX 120 412 191 430 | Cena / m3 | 11 0.0 1 TEXTBOX 214 413 314 431 | Cena / m3 paliva | 11 0.0 1 INPUTBOX 211 346 310 406 m3-price-attacked 1200 1 0 Number INPUTBOX 10 346 89 406 tree-volume 2.5 1 0 Number TEXTBOX 13 413 86 441 | ∅ objem \n stromu (m3) | 11 0.0 1 INPUTBOX 11 447 86 507 new-age 4 1 0 Number INPUTBOX 233 448 309 508 old-one 17 1 0 Number TEXTBOX 93 449 193 491 | Věk vysazovaných\n stromků | 11 0.0 1 TEXTBOX 149 480 229 508 | Věk dospělého\n stromu | 11 0.0 1 BUTTON 828 235 949 285 INITIAL SETTINGS reset-all-settings\nsetup NIL 1 T OBSERVER NIL I NIL NIL 1 TEXTBOX 13 316 105 349 STROMY ^|^ 13 52.0 1 TEXTBOX 8 325 318 353 ___________________________________________________ 11 52.0 1 INPUTBOX 219 105 310 165 ex-timbers 2 1 0 Number TEXTBOX 229 170 307 198 | Počet export.\n skládek | 11 0.0 1 MONITOR 828 296 949 341 Safe timbers used blue-timbers 0 1 11 MONITOR 1092 296 1213 341 Sum of exports sum-ex-timbers 17 1 11 TEXTBOX 1057 234 1213 298 KONEC simulace:\n 1) Napadené stromy = 0\n 2) Zdravé stromy <= 10 13 52.0 1 @#$#@#$#@ ## WHAT IS IT? This project simulates the spread of a fire through a forest. It shows that the fire's chance of reaching the right edge of the forest depends critically on the density of trees. This is an example of a common feature of complex systems, the presence of a non-linear threshold or critical parameter. ## HOW IT WORKS The fire starts on the left edge of the forest, and spreads to neighboring trees. The fire spreads in four directions: north, east, south, and west. The model assumes there is no wind. So, the fire must have trees along its path in order to advance. That is, the fire cannot skip over an unwooded area (patch), so such a patch blocks the fire's motion in that direction. ## HOW TO USE IT Click the SETUP button to set up the trees (green) and fire (red on the left-hand side). Click the GO button to start the simulation. The DENSITY slider controls the density of trees in the forest. (Note: Changes in the DENSITY slider do not take effect until the next SETUP.) ## THINGS TO NOTICE When you run the model, how much of the forest burns. If you run it again with the same settings, do the same trees burn? How similar is the burn from run to run? Each turtle that represents a piece of the fire is born and then dies without ever moving. If the fire is made of turtles but no turtles are moving, what does it mean to say that the fire moves? This is an example of different levels in a system: at the level of the individual turtles, there is no motion, but at the level of the turtles collectively over time, the fire moves. ## THINGS TO TRY Set the density of trees to 55%. At this setting, there is virtually no chance that the fire will reach the right edge of the forest. Set the density of trees to 70%. At this setting, it is almost certain that the fire will reach the right edge. There is a sharp transition around 59% density. At 59% density, the fire has a 50/50 chance of reaching the right edge. Try setting up and running a BehaviorSpace experiment (see Tools menu) to analyze the percent burned at different tree density levels. ## EXTENDING THE MODEL What if the fire could spread in eight directions (including diagonals)? To do that, use "neighbors" instead of "neighbors4". How would that change the fire's chances of reaching the right edge? In this model, what "critical density" of trees is needed for the fire to propagate? Add wind to the model so that the fire can "jump" greater distances in certain directions. ## NETLOGO FEATURES Unburned trees are represented by green patches; burning trees are represented by turtles. Two breeds of turtles are used, "fires" and "embers". When a tree catches fire, a new fire turtle is created; a fire turns into an ember on the next turn. Notice how the program gradually darkens the color of embers to achieve the visual effect of burning out. The `neighbors4` primitive is used to spread the fire. You could also write the model without turtles by just having the patches spread the fire, and doing it that way makes the code a little simpler. Written that way, the model would run much slower, since all of the patches would always be active. By using turtles, it's much easier to restrict the model's activity to just the area around the leading edge of the fire. See the "CA 1D Rule 30" and "CA 1D Rule 30 Turtle" for an example of a model written both with and without turtles. ## RELATED MODELS * Percolation * Rumor Mill ## CREDITS AND REFERENCES https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Forest-fire_model ## HOW TO CITE If you mention this model or the NetLogo software in a publication, we ask that you include the citations below. For the model itself: * Wilensky, U. (1997). NetLogo Fire model. http://ccl.northwestern.edu/netlogo/models/Fire. Center for Connected Learning and Computer-Based Modeling, Northwestern University, Evanston, IL. Please cite the NetLogo software as: * Wilensky, U. (1999). NetLogo. http://ccl.northwestern.edu/netlogo/. Center for Connected Learning and Computer-Based Modeling, Northwestern University, Evanston, IL. ## COPYRIGHT AND LICENSE Copyright 1997 Uri Wilensky. ![CC BY-NC-SA 3.0](http://ccl.northwestern.edu/images/creativecommons/byncsa.png) This work is licensed under the Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial-ShareAlike 3.0 License. To view a copy of this license, visit https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-sa/3.0/ or send a letter to Creative Commons, 559 Nathan Abbott Way, Stanford, California 94305, USA. Commercial licenses are also available. To inquire about commercial licenses, please contact Uri Wilensky at uri@northwestern.edu. This model was created as part of the project: CONNECTED MATHEMATICS: MAKING SENSE OF COMPLEX PHENOMENA THROUGH BUILDING OBJECT-BASED PARALLEL MODELS (OBPML). The project gratefully acknowledges the support of the National Science Foundation (Applications of Advanced Technologies Program) -- grant numbers RED #9552950 and REC #9632612. This model was developed at the MIT Media Lab using CM StarLogo. See Resnick, M. (1994) "Turtles, Termites and Traffic Jams: Explorations in Massively Parallel Microworlds." Cambridge, MA: MIT Press. Adapted to StarLogoT, 1997, as part of the Connected Mathematics Project. This model was converted to NetLogo as part of the projects: PARTICIPATORY SIMULATIONS: NETWORK-BASED DESIGN FOR SYSTEMS LEARNING IN CLASSROOMS and/or INTEGRATED SIMULATION AND MODELING ENVIRONMENT. The project gratefully acknowledges the support of the National Science Foundation (REPP & ROLE programs) -- grant numbers REC #9814682 and REC-0126227. Converted from StarLogoT to NetLogo, 2001. @#$#@#$#@ default true 0 Polygon -7500403 true true 150 5 40 250 150 205 260 250 airplane true 0 Polygon -7500403 true true 150 0 135 15 120 60 120 105 15 165 15 195 120 180 135 240 105 270 120 285 150 270 180 285 210 270 165 240 180 180 285 195 285 165 180 105 180 60 165 15 arrow true 0 Polygon -7500403 true true 150 0 0 150 105 150 105 293 195 293 195 150 300 150 box false 0 Polygon -7500403 true true 150 285 285 225 285 75 150 135 Polygon -7500403 true true 150 135 15 75 150 15 285 75 Polygon -7500403 true true 15 75 15 225 150 285 150 135 Line -16777216 false 150 285 150 135 Line -16777216 false 150 135 15 75 Line -16777216 false 150 135 285 75 bug true 0 Circle -7500403 true true 96 182 108 Circle -7500403 true true 110 127 80 Circle -7500403 true true 110 75 80 Line -7500403 true 150 100 80 30 Line -7500403 true 150 100 220 30 butterfly true 0 Polygon -7500403 true true 150 165 209 199 225 225 225 255 195 270 165 255 150 240 Polygon 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Polygon -16777216 true false 238 112 252 141 219 141 218 112 Circle -16777216 true false 234 174 42 Rectangle -7500403 true true 181 185 214 194 Circle -16777216 true false 144 174 42 Circle -16777216 true false 24 174 42 Circle -7500403 false true 24 174 42 Circle -7500403 false true 144 174 42 Circle -7500403 false true 234 174 42 turtle true 0 Polygon -10899396 true false 215 204 240 233 246 254 228 266 215 252 193 210 Polygon -10899396 true false 195 90 225 75 245 75 260 89 269 108 261 124 240 105 225 105 210 105 Polygon -10899396 true false 105 90 75 75 55 75 40 89 31 108 39 124 60 105 75 105 90 105 Polygon -10899396 true false 132 85 134 64 107 51 108 17 150 2 192 18 192 52 169 65 172 87 Polygon -10899396 true false 85 204 60 233 54 254 72 266 85 252 107 210 Polygon -7500403 true true 119 75 179 75 209 101 224 135 220 225 175 261 128 261 81 224 74 135 88 99 wheel false 0 Circle -7500403 true true 3 3 294 Circle -16777216 true false 30 30 240 Line -7500403 true 150 285 150 15 Line 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