globals [ lights lights-time lights-limit north south west east ] turtles-own [ speed deceleration acceleration from-direction to-direction ] patches-own [ clear-in ] to setup clear-all set-default-shape turtles "car" setup-constants setup-intersection set lights "north-south" ; allowed = dead-lights / east-west / north-south if dead-lights [ set lights "dead-lights" ] switch-lights reset-ticks end to setup-constants ; the constants can be confusing and mean the opposite in some cases set north 180 set south 0 set east 270 set west 90 set lights-time 0 end to setup-intersection resize-world -15 15 -15 15 ask patches [ set pcolor green - 1 ; main dualways if abs pxcor = 3 or abs pxcor = 4 [ set pcolor black ] if abs pycor = 3 or abs pycor = 4 [ set pcolor black ] ; the intersection if abs pxcor < 5 and abs pycor < 5 and abs pxcor >= 3 and abs pycor >= 3 [ set pcolor gray ] ] end to switch-lights if lights = "north-south" [ set lights "east-west" draw-lights green red set lights-time 0 set lights-limit green-length-west-east stop ] if lights = "east-west" [ set lights "north-south" draw-lights red green set lights-time 0 set lights-limit green-length-north-south stop ] if lights = "dead-lights" [ draw-lights green green ; nothing ] end to draw-lights [ east-west north-south ] ;TL-R ask patch -2 4 [ set pcolor east-west ] ask patch -2 3 [ set pcolor east-west ] ;TR-R ;ask patch 5 5 [ set pcolor east-west ] ask patch 5 4 [ set pcolor east-west ] ask patch 5 3 [ set pcolor east-west ] ;BL-L ask patch -5 -3 [ set pcolor east-west ] ask patch -5 -4 [ set pcolor east-west ] ;ask patch -5 -5 [ set pcolor east-west ] ;BR-L ask patch 2 -3 [ set pcolor east-west ] ask patch 2 -4 [ set pcolor east-west ] ;BR-B ask patch 3 -5 [ set pcolor north-south ] ask patch 4 -5 [ set pcolor north-south ] ;BL-T ask patch -4 -2 [ set pcolor north-south ] ask patch -3 -2 [ set pcolor north-south ] ;TR-B ask patch 3 2 [ set pcolor north-south ] ask patch 4 2 [ set pcolor north-south ] ;TL-T ask patch -4 5 [ set pcolor north-south ] ask patch -3 5 [ set pcolor north-south ] end to go move-cars make-new-cars set lights-time (lights-time + 1) if lights-time >= lights-limit [ ask patches with [pcolor = green] [ set pcolor yellow ] ] if lights-time >= lights-limit + yellow-length [ switch-lights ] tick end to make-new-cars-sub [probability xcoor ycoor headingdir] let rnd 10 ; dummy if (random-float 100 < probability) [ if not any? turtles-on patch xcoor ycoor [ crt 1 [ set xcor xcoor set ycor ycoor set heading headingdir set color 5 + 10 * random 14 set speed speed-limit set from-direction headingdir ; where is the destination set rnd random 100 let chance-north destination-north * 100 / ( destination-north + destination-west + destination-south + destination-east ) let chance-east destination-east * 100 / ( destination-north + destination-west + destination-south + destination-east ) let chance-west destination-west * 100 / ( destination-north + destination-west + destination-south + destination-east ) let chance-south destination-south * 100 / ( destination-north + destination-west + destination-south + destination-east ) if rnd >= 0 [ set to-direction north ] if rnd >= chance-north [ set to-direction east ] if rnd >= chance-north + chance-east [ set to-direction west ] if rnd >= chance-north + chance-east + chance-west [ set to-direction south ] ; forbidding turning around on the intersection. I don't recommend it because there is a high chance cars will turn around on the intersections if not allow-turning-around-on-intersection [ if ( from-direction = north and to-direction = south ) or ( from-direction = south and to-direction = north ) [ set to-direction from-direction ] if ( from-direction = east and to-direction = west ) or ( from-direction = west and to-direction = east ) [ set to-direction from-direction ] ] ] ] ] end to make-new-cars make-new-cars-sub (freq-north) (-4 + random 2) max-pycor north make-new-cars-sub (freq-south) (3 + random 2) min-pycor south make-new-cars-sub (freq-west) min-pxcor (-4 + random 2) west make-new-cars-sub (freq-east) max-pxcor (3 + random 2) east end to move-cars ask turtles [ move ] check-for-collisions end to move ;; turtle procedure let clear-to clear-ahead if heading != to-direction and abs pxcor < 5 and abs pycor < 5 and abs pxcor >= 3 and abs pycor >= 3 [ ; slowdown in the intersection if abs pxcor < 5 and abs pycor < 5 [ set clear-to min ( list 3 clear-to ) ] ] ; accelerate / deccelerate ifelse clear-to > speed [ if speed < speed-limit [ set speed speed + min (list max-accel (clear-to - 1 - speed)) ] ;; accelerate if speed > speed-limit [ set speed speed-limit ] ;; but don't speed ] [ set speed speed - min (list max-brake (speed - (clear-to - 1))) ;; brake if speed < 0 [ set speed 0 ] ] ; going wrong and on a turn? if heading != to-direction and abs pxcor < 5 and abs pycor < 5 and abs pxcor >= 3 and abs pycor >= 3 [ ifelse (heading = north) and (to-direction = west ) and pycor >= 2 [ rt 90 ] [if heading = south and pxcor >= 3 and pycor >= 3 [ lt 90 ] ] ifelse (heading = west) and (to-direction = south ) and pxcor <= -2 [ rt 90 ] [if heading = east and pxcor <= -3 and pycor >= 3 [ lt 90 ] ] ifelse (heading = east) and (to-direction = north ) and pxcor >= 2 [ rt 90 ] [if heading = west and pxcor >= 3 and pycor <= -3 [ lt 90 ] ] ifelse (heading = south) and (to-direction = east) and pycor <= -2 [ rt 90 ] [if heading = north and pxcor <= -3 and pycor <= -3 [ lt 90 ] ] ] repeat speed ;; move ahead the correct amount [ if ( not any? turtles-on patch-ahead 1 ) [ fd 1 ] if not can-move? 1 [ die ] if pcolor = orange [ set clear-in 5 ;; if you hit an accident you cause another one die ] ] end to check-for-collisions ask patches with [ pcolor = orange ] [ set clear-in clear-in - 1 if clear-in = 0 [ set pcolor black ] ] ask patches with [ count turtles-here > 1 ] [ set pcolor orange set clear-in 5 ask turtles-here [ die ] ] end to-report clear-ahead ;;turtle procedure let n 1 repeat max-accel + speed ;; look ahead the number of patches that could be travelled [ if patch-ahead n != nobody [ if([pcolor] of patch-ahead n = red) or ([pcolor] of patch-ahead n = orange) or (any? turtles-on patch-ahead n) [ report n ] set n n + 1 ] ] report n end ; See Info tab for full copyright and license. @#$#@#$#@ GRAPHICS-WINDOW 426 151 777 523 15 15 11.0 1 10 1 1 1 0 0 0 1 -15 15 -15 15 1 1 1 ticks 30.0 BUTTON 8 10 98 43 NIL setup NIL 1 T OBSERVER NIL NIL NIL NIL 1 BUTTON 107 10 169 43 NIL go T 1 T OBSERVER NIL NIL NIL NIL 1 SLIDER 7 125 168 158 speed-limit speed-limit 1 10 4 1 1 NIL HORIZONTAL SLIDER 7 168 168 201 max-accel max-accel 1 10 4 1 1 NIL HORIZONTAL SLIDER 7 201 168 234 max-brake max-brake 1 10 3 1 1 NIL HORIZONTAL SLIDER 521 69 682 102 freq-north freq-north 0 100 8 2 1 % HORIZONTAL SLIDER 785 329 946 362 freq-east freq-east 0 100 50 2 1 % HORIZONTAL SLIDER 7 416 168 449 yellow-length yellow-length 0 10 3 1 1 NIL HORIZONTAL MONITOR 969 148 1102 193 waiting overall count turtles with [speed = 0] 0 1 11 MONITOR 969 198 1102 243 waiting-eastbound count turtles with [heading = 90 and speed = 0] 0 1 11 MONITOR 969 246 1102 291 waiting-northbound count turtles with [heading = 0 and speed = 0] 0 1 11 PLOT 969 298 1231 512 Waiting time waiting cars 0.0 100.0 0.0 10.0 true true "" "" PENS "overall" 1.0 0 -16777216 true "" "plot count turtles with [speed = 0]" "eastbound" 1.0 0 -13345367 true "" "plot count turtles with [heading = 90 and speed = 0]" "northbound" 1.0 0 -2674135 true "" "plot count turtles with [heading = 0 and speed = 0]" "westbound" 1.0 0 -7500403 true "" "plot count turtles with [heading = 270 and speed = 0]" "southbound" 1.0 0 -955883 true "" "plot count turtles with [heading = 180 and speed = 0]" BUTTON 87 45 169 78 go once go NIL 1 T OBSERVER NIL NIL NIL NIL 1 SLIDER 248 330 420 363 freq-west freq-west 0 100 50 2 1 % HORIZONTAL SLIDER 515 533 687 566 freq-south freq-south 0 100 6 2 1 % HORIZONTAL SLIDER 509 109 694 142 green-length-north-south green-length-north-south 1 50 10 1 1 NIL HORIZONTAL SLIDER 241 368 422 401 green-length-west-east green-length-west-east 1 50 30 1 1 NIL HORIZONTAL SLIDER 7 242 179 275 destination-west destination-west 0 100 90 5 1 % HORIZONTAL SLIDER 7 276 179 309 destination-east destination-east 0 100 90 5 1 % HORIZONTAL SLIDER 7 310 179 343 destination-north destination-north 0 100 10 5 1 % HORIZONTAL SLIDER 7 344 179 377 destination-south destination-south 0 100 10 5 1 % HORIZONTAL MONITOR 1106 245 1229 290 waiting-southbound count turtles with [heading = 180 and speed = 0] 0 1 11 MONITOR 1106 198 1224 243 waiting-westbound count turtles with [heading = 270 and speed = 0] 0 1 11 SWITCH 7 454 265 487 allow-turning-around-on-intersection allow-turning-around-on-intersection 1 1 -1000 SWITCH 7 490 124 523 dead-lights dead-lights 1 1 -1000 @#$#@#$#@ ## WHAT IS IT? In this model the turtles are cars traveling through an intersection based on the following real intersection, see the map at http://goo.gl/maps/BkaAm . The user has the ability to control the frequency of cars coming from each direction, the speed of the cars, acceleration, decceleration and the timing of the light at the traffic intersection. Real measured and approximated frequency of incomming cars are following: northbound - 4 westbound - 48 southbound - 4 eastbound - 54 Real lights timings measured and approximated are following: north-south - 10s yellow - 3s east-west - 30s ## HOW IT WORKS The rules for each car are: - I can exit which direction I want to, it can be prohibited to turn-around and the intersection. - I stop for cars in front of me and red lights, and I slow down at a yellow light. - If I am moving quickly and I see that I will have to stop soon, I slow down proportional to the distance of non-free space up to MAX-BRAKE. - If I see that I have free space in front of me, I speed up proportional to the amount of free space up to MAX-ACCEL. - If I am on the same space as another car, we crash and die. ## HOW TO USE IT WAITING-OVERALL shows how many cars are waiting during the given clock tick. WAITING-EASTBOUND shows how many eastbound cars are waiting during the given clock tick. WAITING-SOUTHBOUND shows how many southbound cars are waiting during the given clock tick. WAITING-WESTBOUND shows how many westbound cars are waiting during the given clock tick. WAITING-NORTHBOUND shows how many northbound cars are waiting during the given clock tick. CLOCK shows how many ticks have elapsed. Use the FREQ-EAST slider to select how often new eastbound cars travel on the road. Use the FREQ-NORTH slider to select how often new northbound cars travel on the road. Use the FREQ-WEST slider to select how often new westbound cars travel on the road. Use the FREQ-SOUTH slider to select how often new southbound cars travel on the road. Use the SPEED-LIMIT slider to select how fast the cars will travel. Use the MAX-ACCEL slider to determine how fast the cars can accelerate. Use the MAX-BRAKE slider to determine how fast the cars can decelerate. Use the green-length-north-south slider to set how long the light will remain green in north-south direction. Use the green-length-west-east slider to set how long the light will remain green in east-west direction. Use the YELLOW-LENGTH slider to set how long the light will remain yellow. If you change DEAD-LIGHTS you have to re-setup the model. Press GO ONCE to make the cars move once. Press GO to make the cars move continuously. To stop the cars, press the GO button again. ## THINGS TO NOTICE If the lights and cars frequency doesn't correlate, it creates jams on the intersection. If you turn kill the lights intersection becomes way more "effective". Why are there the lights? ## EXTENDING THE MODEL Allow cars to change lane on the road. Allow cars to change lane in the intersection if the other lane is jammed. Implement some kind of prediction wheter to enter the intersection or not if it seems overwhelmed. In the model, the yellow light is only for visual effect. In real life, it tells cars that they need to start braking if they're going to be able to stop before the light turns red. Make the cars use this information, and see how it affects the model. Is there a better way to measure the efficiency of an intersection than the current number of stopped cars? Would the waiting times be better if this was a roundabout instead of an intersection? ## MODEL IS BASED ON * Wilensky, U. (1998). NetLogo Traffic Intersection model. http://ccl.northwestern.edu/netlogo/models/TrafficIntersection. Center for Connected Learning and Computer-Based Modeling, Northwestern Institute on Complex Systems, Northwestern University, Evanston, IL. * Wilensky, U. (1999). NetLogo. http://ccl.northwestern.edu/netlogo/. 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