File:Xvatj00 pic4.png

2018-01-29T18:33:06Z

Xvatj00:

Intersection Optimalization

2018-01-29T18:03:58Z

Assignments WS 2017/2018

2017-12-08T17:48:58Z

Xvatj00:

== Simulation Proposal (xvatj00) ==

Software: Vensim

I am a contemporary gospel choir conductor (choir and full professional band). We organize more or less 3 concerts a year. It has been a long time since we released our last CD and now we would like to earn money to be able to start recording a new one. For this purpose, I would like to find out those factors (such as choir performance, band performance, tickets’ price, concert’s location, etc.) that influence potential audience when choosing a band to go see and how to improve them, and thus get more people to come to our concerts - and earn more money for the tickets and in general. I will use a survey to get data about people’s preferences.
[[User:Xvatj00|Xvatj00]] ([[User talk:Xvatj00|talk]]) 17:45, 27 November 2017 (CET)
::For this kind of simulation you would need ritch historical data so that you would be able to find premises you would then build the equations on (and to be able to verify the model when you compare its results with the historical data). Unfortunately the survey will not help you to quantify the parameters and the number of concerts is really low to be usable for such simulation. I probabbly would suggest a different topic. [[User:Oleg.Svatos|Oleg.Svatos]] ([[User talk:Oleg.Svatos|talk]]) 18:43, 30 November 2017 (CET)
:::I can get data up to 10 years back. The number of concerts included only those concert that are organized by us only, but we perform in many other concerts as well. Do you have any suggestions how to make the simulation possible? Thank you. [[User:Xvatj00|Xvatj00]] ([[User talk:Xvatj00|talk]]) 18:59, 30 November 2017 (CET)
::::: You would have to be able to define parameters that determine the demand for the individual concerts, and based on the data quantify them and quantify their impact on the demand for a concert. Based on that one could then discuss how the concert and its content should be se up so that you get maximum profit out of it. That is not a really easy ...[[User:Oleg.Svatos|Oleg.Svatos]] ([[User talk:Oleg.Svatos|talk]]) 15:07, 6 December 2017 (CET)

=== Intersection Optimalization (NEW ASSIGNMENT) ===
Software: NetLogo

Almost every day, I walk by the intersection of Anglická and Bělehradská / Škrétova. During peak hours, there are traffic jams on only one street leading to the intersection, which I find interesting. Because of this fact, I would like to simulate the intersection in order to find out if the lights are really optimally set there, and potentially, find out the optimal setting of the intersection’s lights.

As I’ve already mentioned, there are lights directing the intersection. Also, there is a tram track on the Bělehradská / Škrétova street which goes straight, while most of the cars coming from Bělehradská street turn left. I will use real intervals of all of the lights from a chosen time during peak hours, and the number of cars and trams coming to the intersection (including their speed, direction, etc.). At first, I will set the lights to constant ticks according to the reality to simulate the real situation. After that, I will try to find out an optimal setting of the lights and evaluate, what the optimal setting is or if it meets with the reality. [[User:Xvatj00|Xvatj00]] ([[User talk:Xvatj00|talk]]) 18:48, 8 December 2017 (CET)

Assignments WS 2017/2018

2017-11-30T17:59:55Z

Xvatj00: /* Simulation Proposal (xvatj00) */

Assignments WS 2017/2018

2017-11-27T16:47:02Z

Xvatj00: Created page with " == Simulation Proposal (xvatj00) == Software: Vensim I am a contemporary gospel choir conductor (choir and full professional band). We organize more or less 3 concerts a ye..."

Tragedy of the commons

2017-01-21T00:12:18Z

Xvatj00:

{| class="wikitable" align=right width="200" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 2em;"
! scope="col" width="30px" |Garrett Hardin
|-
| [[File:garrettHardin.jpg|thumb|center|200 px|”The population problem has no technical solution; it requires a fundamental extension in morality.” <ref name="hardin">Hardin, Garrett. The Tragedy of the Commons. In: Science, New Series, Vol. 162, No. 3859 (Dec. 13, 1968), pp. 1243-1248. Available at http://www.jstor.org/stable/1724745 </ref>]]
|-
|}

'''The Tragedy of the Commons''' is one of system archetypes. It is an economic theory describing a system with shared resource where the actors act independently according to their self-interest. Draining of the resource can cause their actions to behave contrary to the common good. The Tragedy of the Commons became well known after an article by ecologist Garrett Hardin was published in 1968.

__TOC__

== Introduction ==
You live in a smaller city where you own some land. As a landowner, you have the rights to use the water pumped up from wells on your land. Whenever you are in a need of water, you go and get it. As your family grows, you naturally need more water. But it's just few more people and there is enough water in your well. There are many other landowners in your city and each one manages his own water consumption. As your city and its population is growing, water usage rises as well. What you may not realize is the fact, that all the water from different wells throughout the whole city is part of a regional groundwater aquifer, so each landowner is pulling water from the same pool. After continual long-term growth of the water consumption, the city’s water supply reached levels that left the aquifer vulnerable to saltwater intrusion from the nearby ocean. Now the city is facing potential water shortages and possible destruction of the renewable water resource the city depended on. <ref name="spooner">Spooner, Alecia M. Ten Real-Life Examples of the Tragedy of the Commons [online]. [seen 14. 1. 2017]. Available at http://www.dummies.com/education/science/environmental-science/ten-real-life-examples-of-the-tragedy-of-the-commons/</ref>

== Problem Definition ==

=== System Archetypes ===
[[System Archetypes]] describe common '''patterns''' of behavior that we can find in complex '''systems'''. They are part of a larger topic of [[System Dynamics]].

There is a number of different System Archetypes. Yet there are two basic structures and all the other archetypes are different combinations of the two. The two basic structures are [[The Balancing Loop]] and [[The Reinforcing Loop]]. '''The Balancing Loop''' represents an objective not yet met, referred to as a gap between the current state and a desired state. It is common for balancing loops to have one or more delays. For example, there is usually a delay after a change is introduced and before it starts having a visible effect. '''The Reinforcing Loop''' promotes an effect or action. An example can be a savings account in which the interest earned is added to the principal, which itself earns more interest, which adds to the principal, and the cycle repeats. <ref name="sherrer">Sherrer, J. Alex. A Project Manager's Guide to Systems Thinking: Part 2 [online]. Project Smart. 24. 7. 2010 [seen 14. 1. 2017]. Available at https://www.projectsmart.co.uk/project-managers-guide-to-systems-thinking-part-2.php</ref>

{| class="wikitable" width="350" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto; border: none;"
|+ The Balancing Loop & The Reinforcing Loop
|-
| style="padding-left: 1em; padding-right: 1em;" | [[File:balancingLoop.jpg|thumb|left|200 px|The Balancing Loop <ref name="sherrer"></ref>]]
| style="padding-left: 1em; padding-right: 1em;" |[[File:reinforcingLoop.jpg|thumb|left|200 px|The Reinforcing Loop <ref name="sherrer"></ref>]]
|-
|}

As it was already said, The Tragedy of the Commons is one of the System Archetypes. Here are some other System Archetypes examples:
*[[Limits to Growth]]
*[[Accidental Adversaries]]
*[[Drifting Goals]]
*[[Escalation]]
*[[Fixes That Fail]]
*[[Growth and Underinvestment]]
*[[Shifting the Burden]]
*[[Success to Successful]]

=== The Tragedy of the Commons ===
The Tragedy of the Commons provides unique insights into the effect that an un-systemic approach to organizational structure can have on overall, long-term performance.

The commons is something or someone that presents a common resource. It can be various natural resources. In an organization, it can be people, material, space, tools, etc. It can be anything, that is simultaneously made available to multiple people (or teams in organization).

Each person or team claims their share of the commons within the context of the goals and objectives that they have set for themselves. They regard the commons as being uniquely available for their own purposes. Although their lack of awareness of the demands others place on the commons are not the result of thoughtless disregard, the effect on the commons is the same.

As each person or team increases their demands and expectations of the commons in the name of their own goals, the commons gets under steadily increasing pressure to perform. In the case of commons such as materials or space, there is no conscious awareness of increased demand, but the concrete, physical limitations have no elasticity, and the satisfaction of people or teams placing demands on the commons erodes.

This archetype identifies the causal connections between individual actions and the collective results (in a closed system). It hypothesizes that if the total usage of a common resource becomes too great for the system to support, the commons will become overloaded or depleted and everyone will experience diminished benefits. <ref name="braun">Braun, William. The System Archetypes [online]. 27. 2. 2002 [seen 14. 1. 2017]. Available at http://www.albany.edu/faculty/gpr/PAD724/724WebArticles/sys_archetypes.pdf</ref>

[[File:tragedyOfCommons.png|thumb|centre|The Tragedy of the Commons <ref name="braun"></ref>]]

==== Behavior Over Time ====
Any time a declining trend is seen in the overall performance of each part of the system even as it increases its demand on common resources, there is a good possibility that a Tragedy of the Commons is taking place. This is often accompanied by puzzlement, as each party placing demands on the system cannot understand why their demands are not being met, which typically results in the party increasing its demands yet further. This may continue until the commons collapses. <ref name="braun"></ref>

[[File:tragedyOfCommonsOverTime.png|thumb|centre|The Tragedy of the Commons: Behavior Over Time <ref name="braun"></ref>]]

==== Consequences in Organization ====
There can be several consequences as aggregate performance of the commons falls. Here are possible consequences of the problem in an organization:
*Individual or team performance declines as the erosion of the commons affects their ability to meet individual goals and objectives.
*Aggregate organizational performance erodes as the interaction and interdependency of multiple individual and/or team performance begins to reflect the declining performance of the individuals or teams.
*Organizational goals themselves begin to erode and to reflect the diminished ability of the commons to support the goals and objectives of the individuals and teams that depend on the commons.
*The commons itself deteriorates as a valued and valuable resource to the point where it is regarded as a cause of failure rather than success.
<ref name="braun"></ref>

== Applications and Solutions ==
There are two large areas where The Tragedy of the Commons can be applied. One of them is environment (and common land). In this case, the commons is any shared or unregulated resource, for example atmosphere, oceans, rivers, fish stocks, etc. The other case is the application of The Tragedy of the Commons in an organization and its environment.

=== Environment ===
There is a group of problems for which The Tragedy of the Commons can apply. Those are the problems that have no technical solution to them. A technical solution can be defined as one that requires a change only in the techniques of the natural sciences, demanding little or nothing in the way of change in human values or ideas or morality. A member of this class of problems is the population problem. The desired solution for the population problem is one that avoids the evils of over-population without giving up any of the privileges we enjoy. This solution cannot be found, the population problem cannot be solved in a technical way. An agreement needs to be created, which proposes a change in the current behavior. <ref name="hardin"></ref>

=== Organization ===
The System Archetypes are highly effective tools for gaining insight into patterns of behavior, themselves reflective of the underlying structure of the system being studied. The archetypes can be applied in two ways - diagnostically and prospectively.

Diagnostically, archetypes help managers recognize patterns of behavior that are already present in their organizations. Archetypes are also useful prospectively for planning. As managers formulate the means by which they expect to accomplish their organizational ends, the archetypes can be applied to test whether policies and structures under consideration may be altering the organizational structure in such manner as to produce the archetypal behavior. If managers find this to be the case, they can take remedial action before the changes are adopted and embedded in the organization’s structure.

The archetype can be used to help connect the long-term effects of individual actions to the collective outcome, and develop measures for managing the common resource more effectively.

'''Prescriptive Action''' can consist of these steps:
*Establish methods for making the cumulative effects of using the common resource more real and immediate to the individual players.
*Re-evaluate the nature of the commons to determine if there are ways to replace or renew (or substitute) the resource before it becomes depleted.
*Create a final arbiter who manages the use of the common resource from a whole-system level.

'''Seven Action Steps''' can be as follows:
*Identify the “commons”. What is the common resource that is being shared?
*Determine incentives. What are the reinforcing processes that are driving individual use of the resource?
*Determine the time frame for reaping benefits.
*Determine the time frame for experiencing cumulative effects of the collective action.
*Make the long-term effects more present. How can the long-term loss or degradation of the commons be more real and present to the individual users?
*Reevaluate the nature of the commons. Are there other resources or alternatives that can be used to remove the constraint upon the commons?
*Limit access to resources. Determine a central focal point - a shared vision, measurement system, or final arbiter - that allocates resources based on the needs of the whole system.

In many respects the Tragedy of the Commons is a classic example of reductionistic thinking.<ref name="braun"></ref>

== Example ==
IT resources are typically organized into a “commons” department, with each part of the organization seeking their support on an as-needed basis. Since separate parts of the organization typically do not keep track of the IT problems in other parts of the organization, it is fairly common for each part of the organization to see the IT department as “its own”. When the IT department is crushed under the weight of all the demands placed upon it, its performance for every department begins to erode or fail. <ref name="braun"></ref>

[[File:tragedyOfCommonsExample.png|thumb|centre|The Tragedy of the Commons: Example of IT Department as the Commons <ref name="braun"></ref>]]

There are two parties that place demands to the IT department – Admin and Medicine. As net gains for Admin or Medicine grow, their demands for IT grow and the total number of demands to IT grows. As the total number of demands to IT exceeds the capacity of the IT department, its efficiency falls. Total demands either need to be reduced or IT resources raised. Either way, some kind of coordination and agreement needs to take place.

== Exercise ==
Now the exercise will be similar to the example above. You are an Admin in a company and you place demands to the company’s IT department. As your productivity rises, your demands for IT rise as well. There is marketing department in the company that places demands to IT as well.

# Create the Casual Loop Diagram for the example.
# There was a change in the company and the IT department now takes demands from Management as well. Create the Casual Loop Diagram for the modified case as well.

== See Also ==
*[[System Dynamics]]
*[[System Archetypes]]

== References ==
<references/>

== External Links ==
*[http://www.dummies.com/education/science/environmental-science/ten-real-life-examples-of-the-tragedy-of-the-commons/ Ten Real-Life Examples of The Tragedy of the Commons]

== Exercise answers ==
[[File:tragedyOfCommonsEx1.png|thumb|left|The Tragedy of the Commons: Exercise 1]]
[[File:tragedyOfCommonsEx2.png|thumb|left|The Tragedy of the Commons: Exercise 2]]

File:TragedyOfCommonsEx2.png

2017-01-21T00:08:11Z

Xvatj00:

File:TragedyOfCommonsEx1.png

2017-01-21T00:07:43Z

Xvatj00:

2017-01-20T22:43:37Z

Xvatj00:

Tragedy of the commons

2017-01-20T22:18:59Z

Xvatj00:

{| class="wikitable" align=right width="200" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 2em;"
! scope="col" width="30px" |Garrett Hardin
|-
| [[File:garrettHardin.jpg|thumb|center|200 px|”The population problem has no technical solution; it requires a fundamental extension in morality.” <ref name="hardin">Hardin, Garrett. The Tragedy of the Commons. In: Science, New Series, Vol. 162, No. 3859 (Dec. 13, 1968), pp. 1243-1248. Available at http://www.jstor.org/stable/1724745 </ref>]]
|-
|}

'''The Tragedy of the Commons''' is one of system archetypes. It is an economic theory describing a system with shared resource where the actors act independently according to their self-interest. Draining of the resource can cause their actions to behave contrary to the common good. The Tragedy of the Commons became well known after an article by ecologist Garrett Hardin was published in 1968.

__TOC__

== Introduction ==
You live in a smaller city where you own some land. As a landowner, you have the rights to use the water pumped up from wells on your land. Whenever you are in a need of water, you go and get it. As your family grows, you naturally need more water. But it's just few more people and there is enough water in your well. There are many other landowners in your city and each one manages his own water consumption. As your city and its population is growing, water usage rises as well. What you may not realize is the fact, that all the water from different wells throughout the whole city is part of a regional groundwater aquifer, so each landowner is pulling water from the same pool. After continual long-term growth of the water consumption, the city’s water supply reached levels that left the aquifer vulnerable to saltwater intrusion from the nearby ocean. Now the city is facing potential water shortages and possible destruction of the renewable water resource the city depended on. <ref name="spooner">Spooner, Alecia M. Ten Real-Life Examples of the Tragedy of the Commons [online]. [seen 14. 1. 2017]. Available at http://www.dummies.com/education/science/environmental-science/ten-real-life-examples-of-the-tragedy-of-the-commons/</ref>

== Problem Definition ==

=== System Archetypes ===
[[System Archetypes]] describe common '''patterns''' of behavior that we can find in complex '''systems'''. They are part of a larger topic of [[System Dynamics]].

There is a number of different System Archetypes. Yet there are two basic structures and all the other archetypes are different combinations of the two. The two basic structures are [[The Balancing Loop]] and [[The Reinforcing Loop]]. '''The Balancing Loop''' represents an objective not yet met, referred to as a gap between the current state and a desired state. It is common for balancing loops to have one or more delays. For example, there is usually a delay after a change is introduced and before it starts having a visible effect. '''The Reinforcing Loop''' promotes an effect or action. An example can be a savings account in which the interest earned is added to the principal, which itself earns more interest, which adds to the principal, and the cycle repeats. <ref name="sherrer">Sherrer, J. Alex. A Project Manager's Guide to Systems Thinking: Part 2 [online]. Project Smart. 24. 7. 2010 [seen 14. 1. 2017]. Available at https://www.projectsmart.co.uk/project-managers-guide-to-systems-thinking-part-2.php</ref>

{| class="wikitable" width="350" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto; border: none;"
|+ The Balancing Loop & The Reinforcing Loop
|-
| style="padding-left: 1em; padding-right: 1em;" | [[File:balancingLoop.jpg|thumb|left|200 px|The Balancing Loop <ref name="sherrer"></ref>]]
| style="padding-left: 1em; padding-right: 1em;" |[[File:reinforcingLoop.jpg|thumb|left|200 px|The Reinforcing Loop <ref name="sherrer"></ref>]]
|-
|}

As it was already said, The Tragedy of the Commons is one of the System Archetypes. Here are some other System Archetypes examples:
*[[Limits to Growth]]
*[[Accidental Adversaries]]
*[[Drifting Goals]]
*[[Escalation]]
*[[Fixes That Fail]]
*[[Growth and Underinvestment]]
*[[Shifting the Burden]]
*[[Success to Successful]]

=== The Tragedy of the Commons ===
The Tragedy of the Commons provides unique insights into the effect that an un-systemic approach to organizational structure can have on overall, long-term performance.

The commons is something or someone that presents a common resource. It can be various natural resources. In an organization, it can be people, material, space, tools, etc. It can be anything, that is simultaneously made available to multiple people (or teams in organization).

Each person or team claims their share of the commons within the context of the goals and objectives that they have set for themselves. They regard the commons as being uniquely available for their own purposes. Although their lack of awareness of the demands others place on the commons are not the result of thoughtless disregard, the effect on the commons is the same.

As each person or team increases their demands and expectations of the commons in the name of their own goals, the commons gets under steadily increasing pressure to perform. In the case of commons such as materials or space, there is no conscious awareness of increased demand, but the concrete, physical limitations have no elasticity, and the satisfaction of people or teams placing demands on the commons erodes.

This archetype identifies the causal connections between individual actions and the collective results (in a closed system). It hypothesizes that if the total usage of a common resource becomes too great for the system to support, the commons will become overloaded or depleted and everyone will experience diminished benefits. <ref name="braun">Braun, William. The System Archetypes [online]. 27. 2. 2002 [seen 14. 1. 2017]. Available at http://www.albany.edu/faculty/gpr/PAD724/724WebArticles/sys_archetypes.pdf</ref>

[[File:tragedyOfCommons.png|thumb|centre|The Tragedy of the Commons <ref name="braun"></ref>]]

==== Behavior Over Time ====
Any time a declining trend is seen in the overall performance of each part of the system even as it increases its demand on common resources, there is a good possibility that a Tragedy of the Commons is taking place. This is often accompanied by puzzlement, as each party placing demands on the system cannot understand why their demands are not being met, which typically results in the party increasing its demands yet further. This may continue until the commons collapses. <ref name="braun"></ref>

[[File:tragedyOfCommonsOverTime.png|thumb|centre|The Tragedy of the Commons: Behavior Over Time <ref name="braun"></ref>]]

==== Consequences in Organization ====
There can be several consequences as aggregate performance of the commons falls. Here are possible consequences of the problem in an organization:
*Individual or team performance declines as the erosion of the commons affects their ability to meet individual goals and objectives.
*Aggregate organizational performance erodes as the interaction and interdependency of multiple individual and/or team performance begins to reflect the declining performance of the individuals or teams.
*Organizational goals themselves begin to erode and to reflect the diminished ability of the commons to support the goals and objectives of the individuals and teams that depend on the commons.
*The commons itself deteriorates as a valued and valuable resource to the point where it is regarded as a cause of failure rather than success.
<ref name="braun"></ref>

== Applications and Solutions ==
There are two large areas where The Tragedy of the Commons can be applied. One of them is environment (and common land). In this case, the commons is any shared or unregulated resource, for example atmosphere, oceans, rivers, fish stocks, etc. The other case is the application of The Tragedy of the Commons in an organization and its environment.

=== Environment ===
There is a group of problems for which The Tragedy of the Commons can apply. Those are the problems that have no technical solution to them. A technical solution can be defined as one that requires a change only in the techniques of the natural sciences, demanding little or nothing in the way of change in human values or ideas or morality. A member of this class of problems is the population problem. The desired solution for the population problem is one that avoids the evils of over-population without giving up any of the privileges we enjoy. This solution cannot be found, the population problem cannot be solved in a technical way. An agreement needs to be created, which proposes a change in the current behavior. <ref name="hardin"></ref>

=== Organization ===
he System Archetypes are highly effective tools for gaining insight into patterns of behavior, themselves reflective of the underlying structure of the system being studied. The archetypes can be applied in two ways - diagnostically and prospectively.

Diagnostically, archetypes help managers recognize patterns of behavior that are already present in their organizations. Archetypes are also useful prospectively for planning. As managers formulate the means by which they expect to accomplish their organizational ends, the archetypes can be applied to test whether policies and structures under consideration may be altering the organizational structure in such manner as to produce the archetypal behavior. If managers find this to be the case, they can take remedial action before the changes are adopted and embedded in the organization’s structure.

The archetype can be used to help connect the long-term effects of individual actions to the collective outcome, and develop measures for managing the common resource more effectively.

'''Prescriptive Action''' can consist of these steps:
*Establish methods for making the cumulative effects of using the common resource more real and immediate to the individual players.
*Re-evaluate the nature of the commons to determine if there are ways to replace or renew (or substitute) the resource before it becomes depleted.
*Create a final arbiter who manages the use of the common resource from a whole-system level.

'''Seven Action Steps''' can be as follows:
*Identify the “commons”. What is the common resource that is being shared?
*Determine incentives. What are the reinforcing processes that are driving individual use of the resource?
*Determine the time frame for reaping benefits.
*Determine the time frame for experiencing cumulative effects of the collective action.
*Make the long-term effects more present. How can the long-term loss or degradation of the commons be more real and present to the individual users?
*Reevaluate the nature of the commons. Are there other resources or alternatives that can be used to remove the constraint upon the commons?
*Limit access to resources. Determine a central focal point - a shared vision, measurement system, or final arbiter - that allocates resources based on the needs of the whole system.

In many respects the Tragedy of the Commons is a classic example of reductionistic thinking.<ref name="braun"></ref>

== References ==
<references/>

Tragedy of the commons

2017-01-20T22:15:34Z

Xvatj00:

{| class="wikitable" align=right width="200" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 2em;"
! scope="col" width="30px" |Garrett Hardin
|-
| [[File:garrettHardin.jpg|thumb|center|200 px|”The population problem has no technical solution; it requires a fundamental extension in morality.” <ref name="hardin">Hardin, Garrett. The Tragedy of the Commons. In: Science, New Series, Vol. 162, No. 3859 (Dec. 13, 1968), pp. 1243-1248. Available at http://www.jstor.org/stable/1724745 </ref>]]
|-
|}

'''The Tragedy of the Commons''' is one of system archetypes. It is an economic theory describing a system with shared resource where the actors act independently according to their self-interest. Draining of the resource can cause their actions to behave contrary to the common good. The Tragedy of the Commons became well known after an article by ecologist Garrett Hardin was published in 1968.

__TOC__

== Introduction ==
You live in a smaller city where you own some land. As a landowner, you have the rights to use the water pumped up from wells on your land. Whenever you are in a need of water, you go and get it. As your family grows, you naturally need more water. But it's just few more people and there is enough water in your well. There are many other landowners in your city and each one manages his own water consumption. As your city and its population is growing, water usage rises as well. What you may not realize is the fact, that all the water from different wells throughout the whole city is part of a regional groundwater aquifer, so each landowner is pulling water from the same pool. After continual long-term growth of the water consumption, the city’s water supply reached levels that left the aquifer vulnerable to saltwater intrusion from the nearby ocean. Now the city is facing potential water shortages and possible destruction of the renewable water resource the city depended on. <ref name="spooner">Spooner, Alecia M. Ten Real-Life Examples of the Tragedy of the Commons [online]. [seen 14. 1. 2017]. Available at http://www.dummies.com/education/science/environmental-science/ten-real-life-examples-of-the-tragedy-of-the-commons/</ref>

== Problem Definition ==

=== System Archetypes ===
[[System Archetypes]] describe common '''patterns''' of behavior that we can find in complex '''systems'''. They are part of a larger topic of [[System Dynamics]].

There is a number of different System Archetypes. Yet there are two basic structures and all the other archetypes are different combinations of the two. The two basic structures are [[The Balancing Loop]] and [[The Reinforcing Loop]]. '''The Balancing Loop''' represents an objective not yet met, referred to as a gap between the current state and a desired state. It is common for balancing loops to have one or more delays. For example, there is usually a delay after a change is introduced and before it starts having a visible effect. '''The Reinforcing Loop''' promotes an effect or action. An example can be a savings account in which the interest earned is added to the principal, which itself earns more interest, which adds to the principal, and the cycle repeats. <ref name="sherrer">Sherrer, J. Alex. A Project Manager's Guide to Systems Thinking: Part 2 [online]. Project Smart. 24. 7. 2010 [seen 14. 1. 2017]. Available at https://www.projectsmart.co.uk/project-managers-guide-to-systems-thinking-part-2.php</ref>

{| class="wikitable" width="350" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto; border: none;"
|+ The Balancing Loop & The Reinforcing Loop
|-
| style="padding-left: 1em; padding-right: 1em;" | [[File:balancingLoop.jpg|thumb|left|200 px|The Balancing Loop <ref name="sherrer"></ref>]]
| style="padding-left: 1em; padding-right: 1em;" |[[File:reinforcingLoop.jpg|thumb|left|200 px|The Reinforcing Loop <ref name="sherrer"></ref>]]
|-
|}

As it was already said, The Tragedy of the Commons is one of the System Archetypes. Here are some other System Archetypes examples:
*[[Limits to Growth]]
*[[Accidental Adversaries]]
*[[Drifting Goals]]
*[[Escalation]]
*[[Fixes That Fail]]
*[[Growth and Underinvestment]]
*[[Shifting the Burden]]
*[[Success to Successful]]

=== The Tragedy of the Commons ===
The Tragedy of the Commons provides unique insights into the effect that an un-systemic approach to organizational structure can have on overall, long-term performance.

The commons is something or someone that presents a common resource. It can be various natural resources. In an organization, it can be people, material, space, tools, etc. It can be anything, that is simultaneously made available to multiple people (or teams in organization).

Each person or team claims their share of the commons within the context of the goals and objectives that they have set for themselves. They regard the commons as being uniquely available for their own purposes. Although their lack of awareness of the demands others place on the commons are not the result of thoughtless disregard, the effect on the commons is the same.

As each person or team increases their demands and expectations of the commons in the name of their own goals, the commons gets under steadily increasing pressure to perform. In the case of commons such as materials or space, there is no conscious awareness of increased demand, but the concrete, physical limitations have no elasticity, and the satisfaction of people or teams placing demands on the commons erodes.

This archetype identifies the causal connections between individual actions and the collective results (in a closed system). It hypothesizes that if the total usage of a common resource becomes too great for the system to support, the commons will become overloaded or depleted and everyone will experience diminished benefits. <ref name="braun">Braun, William. The System Archetypes [online]. 27. 2. 2002 [seen 14. 1. 2017]. Available at http://www.albany.edu/faculty/gpr/PAD724/724WebArticles/sys_archetypes.pdf</ref>

[[File:tragedyOfCommons.png|thumb|centre|The Tragedy of the Commons <ref name="braun"></ref>]]

==== Behavior Over Time ====
Any time a declining trend is seen in the overall performance of each part of the system even as it increases its demand on common resources, there is a good possibility that a Tragedy of the Commons is taking place. This is often accompanied by puzzlement, as each party placing demands on the system cannot understand why their demands are not being met, which typically results in the party increasing its demands yet further. This may continue until the commons collapses. <ref name="braun"></ref>

[[File:tragedyOfCommonsOverTime.png|thumb|centre|The Tragedy of the Commons: Behavior Over Time <ref name="braun"></ref>]]

==== Consequences in Organization ====
There can be several consequences as aggregate performance of the commons falls. Here are possible consequences of the problem in an organization:
*Individual or team performance declines as the erosion of the commons affects their ability to meet individual goals and objectives.
*Aggregate organizational performance erodes as the interaction and interdependency of multiple individual and/or team performance begins to reflect the declining performance of the individuals or teams.
*Organizational goals themselves begin to erode and to reflect the diminished ability of the commons to support the goals and objectives of the individuals and teams that depend on the commons.
*The commons itself deteriorates as a valued and valuable resource to the point where it is regarded as a cause of failure rather than success.
<ref name="braun"></ref>

== Applications and Solutions ==
There are two large areas where The Tragedy of the Commons can be applied. One of them is environment (and common land). In this case, the commons is any shared or unregulated resource, for example atmosphere, oceans, rivers, fish stocks, etc. The other case is the application of The Tragedy of the Commons in an organization and its environment.

=== Environment ===
There is a group of problems for which The Tragedy of the Commons can apply. Those are the problems that have no technical solution to them. A technical solution can be defined as one that requires a change only in the techniques of the natural sciences, demanding little or nothing in the way of change in human values or ideas or morality. A member of this class of problems is the population problem. The desired solution for the population problem is one that avoids the evils of over-population without giving up any of the privileges we enjoy. This solution cannot be found, the population problem cannot be solved in a technical way. An agreement needs to be created, which proposes a change in the current behavior. <ref name="hardin"></ref>

=== Organization ===
he System Archetypes are highly effective tools for gaining insight into patterns of behavior, themselves reflective of the underlying structure of the system being studied. The archetypes can be applied in two ways - diagnostically and prospectively.

Diagnostically, archetypes help managers recognize patterns of behavior that are already present in their organizations. Archetypes are also useful prospectively for planning. As managers formulate the means by which they expect to accomplish their organizational ends, the archetypes can be applied to test whether policies and structures under consideration may be altering the organizational structure in such manner as to produce the archetypal behavior. If managers find this to be the case, they can take remedial action before the changes are adopted and embedded in the organization’s structure.

The archetype can be used to help connect the long-term effects of individual actions to the collective outcome, and develop measures for managing the common resource more effectively.

'''Prescriptive Action''' can consist of these steps:
*Establish methods for making the cumulative effects of using the common resource more real and immediate to the individual players.
*Re-evaluate the nature of the commons to determine if there are ways to replace or renew (or substitute) the resource before it becomes depleted.
*Create a final arbiter who manages the use of the common resource from a whole-system level.

'''Seven Action Steps''' can be as follows:
*Identify the “commons”. What is the common resource that is being shared?
*Determine incentives. What are the reinforcing processes that are driving individual use of the resource?
*Determine the time frame for reaping benefits.
*Determine the time frame for experiencing cumulative effects of the collective action.
*Make the long-term effects more present. How can the long-term loss or degradation of the commons be more real and present to the individual users?
*Reevaluate the nature of the commons. Are there other resources or alternatives that can be used to remove the constraint upon the commons?
*Limit access to resources. Determine a central focal point - a shared vision, measurement system, or final arbiter - that allocates resources based on the needs of the whole system.
<ref name="braun"></ref>

== References ==
<references/>

Tragedy of the commons

2017-01-20T21:58:32Z

File:ReinforcingLoop.jpg

2017-01-20T18:28:31Z

Xvatj00:

File:BalancingLoop.jpg

2017-01-20T18:27:47Z

Xvatj00:

2017-01-14T15:52:09Z

Xvatj00: Created page with "'''Tragedy of the Commons''' is one of system archetypes. It is an economic theory describing a system with shared resource where the actors act independently according to the..."

Assignments WS 2016/2017

2016-12-18T21:07:57Z

Xvatj00:

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Please, put here your assignments. Do not forget to sign them. You can use <nowiki>~~~~</nowiki> (four tildas) for an automatic signature. Use Show preview in order to check the result before your final sumbition.
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Please, strive to formulate your assignment carefully. We expect an adequate effort to formulate the assignment as it is your semestral paper. Do not forget that your main goal is a research paper. It means your simulation model must generate the results that are specific, measurable and verifiable. Think twice how you will develop your model, which entities you will use, draw a model diagram, consider what you will measure. No sooner than when you have a good idea about the model, submit your assignment. And of course, read [[How to deal with the simulation assignment|How to deal with the simulation assignment]].
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In order to avoid possible confusion, please, check if you have added '''approved''' in bold somewhere in our comment under your submission. If there is no '''approved''', it means the assignment was not approved yet.
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== Brownian motion Stock simulation (Willem Van de Velde, wilv00) ==

The simulation will contain the evolution of a portfolio of stocks. Each stock has a certain drift, volatility and initial market price.
Over time the value of a stock change dependent on a brownian motion and the time. A person wants to invest a certain amount of money in stocks.

The goal of this simulation is to see how the persons initial investment will evolve over time, what portfolio structure would be ideal for the initial investment?

Method: Monte carlo Simulation;
Program: Excel

[[User:Wilv00|Wilv00]] ([[User talk:Wilv00|talk]]) 09:52, 13 December 2016 (CET)

Hello, could you be more specific? How many stocks? what will be the options for the simulation user to setup his own portfolio? how will you implement the periodically returning depressions? I would expect that the portfolio should consist from stocks, bonds and deposits and the user would choose between the split of the portfolio among these three financial instruments, rather than choosing particular stocks (as it is done in reality). What will be the source of the data?

[[User:Oleg.Svatos|Oleg.Svatos]] ([[User talk:Oleg.Svatos|talk]]) 20:48, 13 December 2016 (CET)

I would use the stock market of my home country (Belgium) so the BEL-20. I would do the simulation with the option of selecting a portfolio that consists indeed of bonds, deposits and stocks taking into account with current market intrest from Belgium and returns on these instruments. I would involve 5 different stocks from the BEL-20 and combine these into a portfolio. So the total simulation would involve a part that is invested in bonds, deposits and a portfolio of 5 stocks (i haven't looked which specific stocks i would use). The goal will than be determing which percentage of his initial investment he would have to invest in bonds, stocks and deposists to maximize his return after a certain period of years (taken into account the different risk measures associated with the different portfolio's).

I wasn't thinking about involving periodically returning depressions. This would mean that after a certain period of time I would have to change the volatility and drift of the stocks and the market intrest right?

[[User:Wilv00|Wilv00]] ([[User talk:Wilv00|talk]]) 12:09, 14 December 2016 (CET)

Yes, you have to play with it little bit as the value of the instruments/portfolios changes differently during the depression as you can see for instance in graph [http://www.diffen.com/difference/Bond_vs_Stock here]. These business cycles is what makes the portfolio value prediction so hard, so it is necessary to incorporate them in the simulation. Simulation '''approved'''.

[[User:Oleg.Svatos|Oleg.Svatos]] ([[User talk:Oleg.Svatos|talk]]) 13:43, 14 December 2016 (CET)

Ok, i see. I will incorporate this in the model as well. Thank you.

[[User:Wilv00|Wilv00]] ([[User talk:Wilv00|talk]]) 09:34, 15 December 2016 (CET)

== Simulation proposal (Jakub Esterka, xestj00) ==

Simulation (in NETLOGO) will be set up as a FPS computer game (e.g. Counter Strike) with two teams and set number of players in each team (between 1 and 64). Goal of a simulation will be to find out how much more members can other team have for winning rate to be still 50 % in average. Second goal will be to find out how big advantage randomly selected player has to have for his team to dominate (after 10 games). And the third goal is to find the average rate of domination – how many games is needed for one team to start to dominate the other in every game (team members have almost maximum accuracy of 100).

- Each team can have 1 – 10 players

- Each team begins opposite of each other

- Each player moves randomly and have random accuracy (1-20)

- One player from each team can have an advantage (accuracy of 80)

- When two players from opposite teams meet, they shoot at each other with random accuracy

- If one player shoots the other one, he has its shooting accuracy increased

- When all players from one team die, game resets but players keep their accuracy (except for the first goal)

First goal is obligatory and in this research players will not keep their accuracy. If the simulation will work as planned and it will be possible for players to keep their accuracy, other goals are viable as well.

--[[User:Xestj00|Xestj00]] ([[User talk:Xestj00|talk]]) 18:42, 9 December 2016 (CET)

--- I am not generally very happy about simulations regarding video games and other entirely artificial problems, because a real benefit of such a simulation is more than questionable. But, ok... Moreover, in this case, could we be even sure that the results of the simulation really fit the game? Or in other words, how could we be sure that the parameters mentioned above and the way how you will simulate it matches how Counter Strike works? [[User:Tomáš|Tomáš]] ([[User talk:Tomáš|talk]]) 01:11, 15 December 2016 (CET)

== Software Developers (xvatj00) ==

=== Description ===
There is a small company for software development. The company takes small orders (around 3 months long) for software. The software development process consists of 3 parts - analysis, coding and testing. For each project, there is a set number of analysts, programmers and testers, who work on the given project (and no other) until it’s finished. There are 2 main types of orders - well defined and very generally defined. For well defined orders (30% of all orders), the average time of the process of analysis is shorter than in case of the generally defined order, and requires less analysts. The company knows the average times of all parts of the development as well as the average salaries of the three positions. Each part of the development also has its probability of delay and average delay (in case delay occurs). There are different scenarios in cases of delays.
Alongside specific positions, there are also “ultimate” workers, who work on the project from its beginning until the end - meaning they do all 3 parts of the development themselves. These workers have higher salaries (all are seniors), but take less time to finish the work.
Method: Simprocess

=== Goal of the Simulation ===
The goal is to see, if it’s more convenient to have specialized workers, or to hire “ultimate” workers instead, and to have an overview of the projects’ employee expenses. To reach the goal, the plan is to create 1 simulation which takes into consideration only the process with the positions divided, and a second simulation which shows the process of “ultimate” workers. In both cases, the process will be taking all the incoming orders - there will be only this one type of process.

Jana Vataščinová, [[User:Xvatj00|Xvatj00]] ([[User talk:Xvatj00|talk]]) 20:29, 10 December 2016 (CET)

- Hi, I am missing the tool you want to use. Moreover, I hesitate a bit, whether such a "soft" process like software development should be analyzed this way. [[User:Tomáš|Tomáš]] ([[User talk:Tomáš|talk]]) 01:15, 15 December 2016 (CET)

- Good evening, I would like to use Simprocess. I was thinking that the information to the process was quite stable, so I chose the topic, because it sounds interesting to me. [[User:Xvatj00|Xvatj00]] ([[User talk:Xvatj00|talk]]) 01:49, 15 December 2016 (CET)

: I am sorry, but I don't see an added value in this topic. Software development is really a "soft" field, every project is different, every developer is different, they are specialized for particular things, etc. etc. And, the most important for me: I don't see a chance that anyone would - even theoretically - use your simulation to help their business. Don't take me wrong, I don't expect that all the simulations we do here will be used in a real company for a real purpose, however, in some cases, it would be at least theoretically possible after some elaboration (like the grocery store example). In the case of software development simulation, as you suggested, I really cannot imagine that anyone would ever use it for a real business. Please, either try to find a particular, well structured and "hard" part of the problem and reformulate or try something completely different. [[User:Tomáš|Tomáš]] ([[User talk:Tomáš|talk]]) 13:29, 18 December 2016 (CET)

:: Good evening, what about I simulated the process as a whole, without dividing the employees, taking into account average times for each part of the development, chances of delays and their scenarios, etc. Then I could find how many orders I would be able to process at maximum with the current number of employees, and how costly one order is on average? I will try to think of another simulation as well, would it maybe be possible to get some tips for the topic? [[User:Xvatj00|Xvatj00]] ([[User talk:Xvatj00|talk]]) 22:07, 18 December 2016 (CET)

== Police System (Kateryna Ushanova, xushk00) ==

This simulation will show police system and how this system will impact the crime rate of the city. Criminals will try to destroy the city's infrostructre and to make crime against civilians.
In this simulation I will use three strategies that maybe used to fight crime:

1) applying medium-sized police force

2) a strategy in which a small police force attempt to recruit civilians into the police force

3) the police react on the crime in a brief period of time

The most important factor that influence skill of the police to fight the crime is work experience. The amount of experience is propotional to the cost of fighting crime.

The criminals will be walking randomly around the visual area. During their walking there is a random chance that they will commit a crime. When they do the crime, the civilians around them become victims, and the area they occupy becomes a bad zone. Bad zone make people more likely to turn to crime.
Two main factors influence whether or not civilians will turn to crime:

1)the level of the city (user controls)

2)the simulated factors (the result of the police work; the state of the zone; the effects of random events that the user controls)

'''The goal of this simulation is:
'''

- to see how changing the work experience level effects each strategy.

- to test out different strategies and factors to see how this effects the crime rate.

- to observe possible outcomes by changing techniques and factors in a different ways.

'''Method - NetLogo

Kateryna Ushanova, [[User:Xushk00|Xushk00]] ([[User talk:Xushk00|talk]]) 13:35, 11 December 2016 (CET)

- The idea is not bad, but where are your key parameters for the simulation? How you get them (I mean the exact figures). We always prefer obtaining and working with real numbers. Sometimes, it is not possible, so it is acceptable to use secondary resources, etc. but it should be always clear, why did you use the parameters you used and why, on the other hand [[User:Tomáš|Tomáš]] ([[User talk:Tomáš|talk]]) 01:23, 15 December 2016 (CET)

Thank you for your comment. My key parametrs are: number of criminals; amount of poverty in the city (which is directly proportional to the willingness of the civilians to become criminals; level of experience of officers. I will use statistical data from my city.

[[User:Xushk00|Xushk00]] ([[User talk:Xushk00|talk]]) 19:38, 15 December 2016 (CET) Kateryna Ushanova

: You strive to work with very "soft" characteristics like the experience of police officers, willingness to become a criminal... How would you simulate it? How would you measure it? What source of data would you use? I am afraid it would be very risky for you, because you could have trouble to prove that the model is meaningful. I suggest to find something else. [[User:Tomáš|Tomáš]] ([[User talk:Tomáš|talk]]) 13:33, 18 December 2016 (CET)

=== Optimal schedule of Moscow metro (NEW ASSIGNMENT) ===

The simulation will show situation in Moscow metro in different parts of the day (peak hour and off-peak hour). In this simulation i will find optimal time of train´s delay in concrete line in Moscow metro. The input numbers will be taken from resource with real data.

Key parametrs:

- periodicity of people travalling by metro

- delay time of each train

- number of passengers in the station (it depends on part of the day (e.g. peak hour)

- capacity of train

The main goal is to figure out in which situations traffic jams occurs and find the optimal ratio between number of travellers and time of delay.

Method: NetLogo

[[User:Xushk00|Xushk00]] ([[User talk:Xushk00|talk]]) 18:43, 18 December 2016 (CET) xushk00, Kateryna Ushanova

== (Poison and Insect Population, Kellianne Stefl) ==

NetLogo simulation of the steady decline in insect population in Germany from 1989 to now, also future predictions. Many other factors contribute but I will use pesticides in my visual representation.

Over the last 25 years, etymologists have set up tents all over German woodlands and meadows to observe natures insects. The average biomass of insects sampled in a 6-month period (May to October) has steadily decreased from 1.6 kilograms (3.5 pounds) (56 ounces) per trap in 1989 to just 300 grams (10.6 ounces) in 2014. 18.9% of the average biomass 25 years ago. This simulation will illuminate the devastating effects of damage to the bottom of the food chain.

-adjustable poison release

Goal:
Predict hypothetical decline of insect population: how many years until there are none left.

[[User:Kellistefl|Kellistefl]] ([[User talk:Kellistefl|talk]]) 12:47, 12 December 2016 (CET)

- Ok, we talk about entomologysts, not etymologysts, don't we? The topic is generally good, I am just not sure how exactly it will look like. Particularly, I am a bit afraid that the simulation would be pretty simple (e.g. I can see just one parameter now). Please, could you elaborate a bit? [[User:Tomáš|Tomáš]] ([[User talk:Tomáš|talk]]) 01:43, 15 December 2016 (CET)

--Yes, sorry for the bad wording. Some things that make the simulation more complicated will be: insect reproduction, each will slowly lose energy as they are poisoned by pesticides and some portion will not be able to reproduce. Sorting out how many ounces of insects each pesticide dispenser (airplane) can kill for a given time will be calculated. It will have to be an amount that decreases population even while a certain percentage of insects are still reproducing. I will attempt to use real life data as much as I can to make the simulation as accurate as possible. [[User:Kellistefl|Kellistefl]] ([[User talk:Kellistefl|talk]]) 13:32, 16 December 2016 (CET)

: As we discussed, the simulation is rather simple. But it is acceptable if you focus on data, its correct representation, scaling, and overall fit with reality. I prefer a simpler model with perfect output that someone could use for a real problem over a complex model that would be completely useless. But, beware: it is a complicated and risky way. '''Approved'''. [[User:Tomáš|Tomáš]] ([[User talk:Tomáš|talk]]) 13:39, 18 December 2016 (CET)

== Phyllotaxis (Nada Bednarova, bedn00) ==

Phyllotaxis is the process of arrangement of leaves on a plant stem. While growing, leaves on a plant/flower/cone usually follow Fibonacci sequences or use golden ratio to form the most convenient angles. There are several theories on where the arrangement comes from.

Simulation in NetLogo would simulate the arrangement of leaves based on different parameters configuration (number and size of the leaves, starting angle etc.). Furthermore chemical or physiological theories about morphogenesis / meristem growth can be simulated (for example Turing's diffusion equations).

--[[User:Bedn00|Bedn00]] ([[User talk:Bedn00|talk]]) 00:07, 15 December 2016 (CET)
: This isn't an agent-based model, however the idea looks interesting, so '''approved''' [[User:Tomáš|Tomáš]] ([[User talk:Tomáš|talk]]) 01:45, 15 December 2016 (CET)

== The influence of exchange rates and interest rates on importers/exporter (Jakub Vitvar, xvitj27) ==

My goal is to create multi agent simulation in Netlogo.
The simulation will contain sets of producers(agents) domestic and foreign.
These producers will focus on importing or exporting based on current economical state and their choice will have impact on others.

The goal of the simulation is to find out whether the market is able to balance itself. Other goal could be to find out how will the market react if we set some variables manualy.

[[User:Xvitj27|Xvitj27]] ([[User talk:Xvitj27|talk]]) 16:02, 15 December 2016 (CET)

Maybe the system dynamics model could be more suitable, since this model would be too complicated for NetLogo.
[[User:Xvitj27|Xvitj27]] ([[User talk:Xvitj27|talk]]) 10:39, 17 December 2016 (CET)

Please elaborate the simulation topic further, currently it is too general. Importers and exporters of what kind of goods? On basis of which theory (there are many that are trying to find the equilibrium point) ? What kind of market? Who will be the participants? What is the "economical state exactly" and what effect it should have on the importers and exporters?
System dynamics may be applicable, but the further detail for this decision is necessary.
[[User:Oleg.Svatos|Oleg.Svatos]] ([[User talk:Oleg.Svatos|talk]]) 16:06, 17 December 2016 (CET)

I would follow the process exactly as it is taught here on VSE. Meaning the influences on the enviroment would be monetary and fiscal state interventions on the market. The number of the exporters importers would be variable. The type of participants and type of goods should be irrelevant.
The importers/exporters would react on changes in money supply/demand change after the intervention.
The goal would be to show the next equilibrium and how long does it take to find.
I am still ready to change this subject completely if it seems not appropriate for this assignment.
[[User:Xvitj27|Xvitj27]] ([[User talk:Xvitj27|talk]]) 16:54, 17 December 2016 (CET)

So far the description, you have given, is very abstract - the causalities seem unclear to me. That's why I have asked whether you have it based on some firm theory and that you are confident you can create a simulation on basis of it. If you do, go for it, if not, I would rather pick some less abstract topic as it might be easier to develop the simulation.
[[User:Oleg.Svatos|Oleg.Svatos]] ([[User talk:Oleg.Svatos|talk]]) 10:02, 18 December 2016 (CET)

Would it be ok, if I tried doing this simulation based on macroeconomic textbook from VSE and If I find out that it is too complicated I will do some other simulation? I am already thinking about trafic simulation in netlogo with simple trafic network and agents using A* algorithm to find way around some accidents and trafic closures. [[User:Xvitj27|Xvitj27]] ([[User talk:Xvitj27|talk]]) 20:18, 18 December 2016 (CET)

== Corporate Tax Rate's effect on capital influx (André Seyffarth Årnes, aara00) ==

I want to create a simulation in NetLogo that shows how different corporate tax rates in Europe affects the capital influx of countries.
The initial simulation should start with the tax rates that exists in Europe today, and the simulation should show what happens when they change.
In this sense the simulation will only include two different actors, namely nations and companies.

I should also be able to relate this to game theory.

[[User:Aara00|Aara00]] ([[User talk:Aara00|talk]]) 13:28, 16 December 2016 (CET)

: It is a very interesting problem but could be very complicated. Please, elaborate on how exactly would you solve it. [[User:Tomáš|Tomáš]] ([[User talk:Tomáš|talk]]) 13:41, 18 December 2016 (CET)

== Post office check-out optimalization (Josef Zeman - xzemj34) ==
Software: Simproces

Model: This simulation is going to be focused on optimalization of open check-outs (counters) at the post office.
Given the fact these simulations should be relatable to the real world, I chose ideally the post office of Česká pošta in Jindřišská street (if this one doesnt work out for me, i'll look for another one) where I'd like to get the real numerous data about the visitors from the "call-out infosystem".
This system distributes visitors accordingly to the capacity of the office as well as to selected issue visitiors want to solve (send package, pickup package, czech point, pensions etc.) These data should vary a lot during month since there are certain periods every month when many people have to visit post office (e.g.pensions and social benefits).
Every counter can serve for at least one of the issue mentioned above, most likely for more than one, some may serve to all of them.

Goal of the simulation: Main point is to ideally and optimally assign human resources to counters accordingly given the daytime and the period of month.

: Good idea, but it is invetable to obtain data from a real post office. Doesn't necessarily need to be from the main post office. '''Approved'''. [[User:Tomáš|Tomáš]] ([[User talk:Tomáš|talk]]) 13:43, 18 December 2016 (CET)

== School is on Fire (Zbyněk Zelinka, xzelz06) ==

A simulation in NetLogo describing an evacuation of the "Stará budova" at VŠE. The layout and proportions of the building will be taken from the "VŠE Maps" project. I consider including just the first floor and adding an inflow of people from higher floors. I also intend to base it on a real schedule of the classrooms and compare the outcomes from multiple time periods. There will also be fire patches in the model, limiting the space people can walk in.

The evacuated people will have different speeds and reaction times, also some of them won't know which way to go.
I want to measure the time it takes to get everybody to the safe zone outside the building and find the weak spots where the big crowds get stuck.

[[User:xzelz06|xzelz06]] ([[User talk:xzelz06|talk]]) 20:54, 16 December 2016 (CET)

: OK, sounds good. But, don't forget to consider real speeds of people, some intelligent movement, a speed of spreading fire, obstacles, etc. etc. Could be quite complex, but very interesting. '''Approved'''. [[User:Tomáš|Tomáš]] ([[User talk:Tomáš|talk]]) 13:46, 18 December 2016 (CET)

== Spreading of a fatal epidemic in a simple society (Filip Vacula, xvacf01) ==

Software: Vensim

Description: A system dynamics simulation, modelling the behaviour of a simplified society on the verge of an epidemic. The model is much simplified as opposed to the reality, which would be almost impossible to model. However, my main objective is to keep the main and most important factors in play, to be able to observe their behaviour.

Goal: The main goal is to observe the effect of distribution of society to 3 categories based on their yearly income, and how much can the spreading of the epidemic be influenced by the health care system in place (government-funded vs. government-unfunded). However, with a highly parametric model, the effect of many more variables can be easily observed. A side goal is to observe the most critical interactions inside the system, which could lead to a faster treatment of the population in case of such epidemic.

Model environment: The epidemic has a chance of transferring to another person by him being in the same room as an infected person for at least 30 minutes. Such encounters between people daily would be from a discrete interval. The chance is further lowered by a vaccination, which becomes available on the 30th day after the start of the epidemic, however has only a small efficiency, and is also quite costly. A highly effective treatment becomes available 180 days after the epidemic has started, but is again very costly. The production of both the vaccines and treatment takes roughly 30 days to fully satisfy the demand of the population (linearly).

[[User:Xvacf01|Xvacf01]] ([[User talk:Xvacf01|talk]]) 21:59, 16 December 2016 (CET)

OK, '''approved''', just be aware of the the fact that the Vensim cannot do spacial simulations (like people moving in some space).

[[User:Oleg.Svatos|Oleg.Svatos]] ([[User talk:Oleg.Svatos|talk]]) 15:56, 17 December 2016 (CET)

== The strength of tsunami (Hana Nápravníková, xnaph00) ==

NetLogo simulation describes the effects of the tsunami on the coast of Brazil.
The model town is Rio de Janiero.
Sea begins to reverse some people will notice that. Residents begin to warn others of the impending tidal wave of themselves do tend to run inland.
Some ignore warnings remain indifferent. Wave approaching, people fleeing in panic.
Elderly citizens remains as the home because they do not know about anything.
Wave hits full force, swept the first dwelling closest to the coast several residents who be enough shelter.
The aim is to determine how strong the tsunami must be to destroy as many buildings many people will be at risk of life.
The estimated death toll will be around 60-70%.
--[[User:Hanka|Hanka]] ([[User talk:Hanka|talk]]) 23:45, 16 December 2016 (CET)

: Wow, this is very ambitious. I would really love to see the result, but I am afraid, it will be incredibly complex to do it this way. Too many factors in the game: the landscape, buildings, people, their panic, how do they behave, physics of the water, etc. etc. etc. Try to narrow the problem down and describe how exactly should the solution look like. Then it could be really good. [[User:Tomáš|Tomáš]] ([[User talk:Tomáš|talk]]) 14:03, 18 December 2016 (CET)

I will work with the following parameters: Wave - speed of 500-700 km/h, the height of 15-30 meters, width of 30-50km. The density of buildings of about 3milion. Population 6,5milion, the area of 1260km2. The result will be 80% of the cities covered by water, the loss of life of 70%, but this may be varied depending on the diversity of the parameters of wave.
--[[User:Hanka|Hanka]] ([[User talk:Hanka|talk]]) 17:31, 18 December 2016 (CET)

== Courier is coming to town (Maria Alekseeva, Mashal) ==

There's a small village with certain number of houses and it doesn't have its own local delivery service, thus once a week a delivery person drives up to this village from a bigger city. Each time this person has a different delivery list and his route is based around that list. If for some reason nobody was able to receive a package at the time that the delivery person was there, he has to come back to the same address until the package is delivered. The simulation in NetLogo will be creating the perfect route for the delivery person based on A* search algorithm, key parameters are the number of times, when delivery person must return to the house and the number of houses.

''But even though I'm dying to make search algoritmus in NetLogo, I'm not quite sure, that this simulation is fine or if it's agent-based... That's why I have one more and I'm asking you to recommend me, which one is better''

'''Depression spreading on social media'''
There is certain number of people and everyone has several parametrs: aktivity (how often writes smth on social media, const), mood (in per sent, changing parameter, if p>50% man is "optimist", if p<50% man is "pessimist"). Optimist can write only sad posts, pessimist writes only happy posts Man can read different posts from people in certain radius and if the post is happy he gets happier and if the post is sad he gets sad. And than he writes his own posts. This simulation will show how one pessimist with a big activity can make the whole society sad.
''I'm not sure if it can be developed in NetLogo< because i need counter for the popularity parameter, but i can do it in C++
''
: The former is definitely better. Regarding the fit of NetLogo for the problem, it is doable and among all four platforms we use, it is the best option for the task indeed. [[User:Tomáš|Tomáš]] ([[User talk:Tomáš|talk]]) 14:18, 18 December 2016 (CET)

: Fine, so I'll do my first version in NetLogo--[[User:Mashal|Mashal]] ([[User talk:Mashal|talk]]) 17:26, 18 December 2016 (CET)

== Ocean currents influencing the temperature of the Earth (Stanislav Vedra, xveds02) ==
Environment: NetLogo

Variables are a certain amount of units of warm water (e.g. caused by the sun) and cool water (e.g. caused by an iceberg) with the same size spread in the environment. Warm and cool water are moving until they reach each other which set off the current. The temperature of the current is decided by 50% chance. The size of the current is a total of the variables.
As well as waters merge, currents do too. With the same size of currents, the rules are the same (50% chance of the temperature). With different size, the winner is the bigger one and takes everything. In both cases, the size of the new current is a total of previous ones.

Variables and currents are mixing until one current will be left. And its temperature means if the Earth is warming or cooling down, which is the goal of the simulation.

: Ok, the problem sounds interesting. How you will deal with real data? [[User:Tomáš|Tomáš]] ([[User talk:Tomáš|talk]]) 14:22, 18 December 2016 (CET)

: The problem with influencing the Earth temperature by ocean currents is very complex not mention it is not all discovered yet, there is not enough data from the past. Therefore, I took this little part of it and the provided data will be still an estimation. The simulation is mainly for illustrative purposes. Although I will try to get to the reality as close as I can, alternatively add scroll bar/input box to choose desired data, but I would rather not promise anything realistic. I hope I answered you question? --[[User:Xveds|Xveds]] ([[User talk:Xveds|talk]]) 18:14, 18 December 2016 (CET)